Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

Structure and Function of Cells and Tissues

• Hierarchical organization of the human body
• Cellular organelles and their specific functions
• Functional relationships between organelles
• Cellular division (mitosis)
• Characteristics of tissues
• Tissue repair
• Major organs and organ systems of the human body

Integumentary System

• Structure of the skin
• The functions of skin in maintaining health
• Wounds and wound healing
• Consequences of skin damage to other organ systems

Musculoskeletal System

• Skeletal tissues
• Classification of bones and bone functions
• Bone development and repair
• Anatomy of skeletal system
• Classification of joints and joint function
• Classification of muscle tissue
• Actions and interactions of muscles
• Origin(s), insertion(s), and innervation of key muscles
• Causes and consequences of common musculoskeletal injuries and chronic conditions

Nervous System

• Nerve cell structure
• Neuronal synapses
• Membrane potential
• Action potential propagation
• Classification and functions of neurotransmitters
• Organization of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
• Organization of the autonomic nervous system and its divisions
• Senses and sensory receptors
• Structure and function of the spinal cord and spinal nerves
• Reflex arcs
• Structure and functions of the brain
• Higher mental functions and their assessments
• Homeostatic imbalances of the brain
• Causes and consequences of common nervous system disorders, injuries, and chronic conditions

Circulatory System

• The composition and function of blood
• The importance of the circulatory system for maintenance of homeostasis of the body
• Common diagnostic blood tests
• Structures of the circulatory system and the relationships between them
• Structure and functions of blood vessels
• Pulmonary and systemic circulation
• Structure of the heart
• Relationship between heart rate, pulse, and blood pressure
• Heart physiology, including the cardiac cycle and the regulation of cardiac output
• Structures and functions of the lymphatic system
• Roles of antigens and antibodies in the body
• Causes and consequences of common circulatory system disorders and chronic conditions
• Relationships between the cardiovascular system and other organ systems

Respiratory System

• Functional anatomy of the lungs and airways
• Mechanics of breathing and the properties of gases
• Gas exchange and transport
• External and internal respiration
• Relationship between respiratory system and blood gases
• Importance of breathing, with specific reference to brain cells
• Regulation of respiratory rate
• Causes and consequences of common respiratory system disorders and chronic conditions
• Relationships between the respiratory system and other organ systems

Digestive System

• Structures of the digestive system and the relationships between them
• The composition and actions of salivary, gastric, pancreatic, and intestinal juices
• Mechanical breakdown, chemical digestion, and absorption of nutrients
• Diet and nutritional requirements
• Roles and metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
• Roles of vitamins, minerals, and roughage
• The relationship between metabolism and body temperature
• Metabolism during exercise
• Causes and consequences of common digestive system disorders and chronic conditions

Urinary System

• Structures of the urinary system and the relationships between them
• The relationships between the urinary system and blood pressure
• Maintenance of water and sodium homeostasis in the blood by the digestive, urinary, and cardiovascular systems
• Causes and consequences of common urinary system disorders and chronic conditions